The Question in the Origins of Psychology is What Drives...

The understanding of ourselves and the humans around us has been studied by many great historical scholars such as Aristotle and Descartes. Scholars like these would ask psychological questions about what drives us and why. It was not until the late nineteenth century that psychological research was considered as its own scientific discipline. Psychology began in 1879 when a man named Wilhelm Wundt set up a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. This laboratory would be considered the birth place of experimental psychology. Within the laboratory, Wundt independently trained over 180 students. Over 100 of these students came from other countries, and then returned to their native countries with the knowledge of experimental†¦show more content†¦Freud believed that the unconscious mind contained thoughts and memories that were outside of personal awareness. (Feist and Rosenberg) According to Freud, childhood events shape the way we behave as adults and because of this much of human behavior is an effect of our unconscious thoughts and past experiences. Psychoanalysis was developed as both a theory and a therapy that inspired psychologists to come to develop other psychodynamic theories. (Mcleod) There are seven major perspectives of modern psychology; psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, evolutionary, and sociocultural. (Feist and Rosenberg) Behavioral psychology was founded by John B. Watson who believed that conditioning explains how behaviors are a result of observable stimuli. Much of the research done in this field consisted of experiments that studied animal behaviors. Modern behaviorists believe that human behavior can be shaped and these approaches have been used to treat people with observable problems, such as phobias and alcoholism. (Feist and Rosenberg) The humanistic perspective of psychology stresses free will, self-actualization, and human nature as forces that shape the way we grow, learn and behave. The personal belief systems that humans develop help us to gain fulfillment in the quest to realize our highest potential. (Feist and Rosenberg) The humanistic approach looks at behavior as unique to each individual and suggestsShow MoreRelatedPsychology in Greek Philosophy, Paragraphs1403 Words   |  6 Pagesto the filed of psychology. Three whom I believe made significant impacts are Socrates, Aristotle and Rene Descartes. In the following section, I will briefly discuss a bit about each individual, and then talk about which of the four archetypes they each fall under based on the information presented. Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who devoted his life and work to searching for moral good, virtue, and justice. He developed a method of seeking knowledge by question and answer calledRead MoreTheories Of Natural Selection And Psychoanalytic Personality Theories1670 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud are both widely known respectively for their natural selection and psychoanalytic personality theories. Charles Darwin helped further the field of evolutionary psychology while Sigmund Freud helped discover the unconscious which is still debated to this day about whether it is real. Darwin’s natural selection theory talks about how organisms adapt to survive and the two types of sexual selection which is intersexual and intrasexual selection. Freud’s theory ofRead MorePsychoanalysis of the Joker941 Words   |  4 PagesSigmund Freud’s method of Psychoanalysis to better understand why The Joker is the way he is. What is psychoanalysis? Psychoanalysis is a form of treatment invented by Sigmund Freud that usually focuses on the early years of the patient’s life and his/her relationship with immediate family members. A wise man once said, â€Å"There are four questions that every good student of psychology will ask about a personality theory. The first question regards the structure of the theory (Psychoanalysis of TheRead MoreEssay on The History of Psychology1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Psychology In order to discuss Psychologys history, it is important to understand that psychology still does not have one unifying approach unlike the natural sciences; even the definition of Psychology and what it truly means is still undecided. However I shall attempt to review chronologically its philosophical origins, include how the science of Physics and Biology were placedRead MoreSocial Influences : Social Power Essay2233 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Influences: Social Power Take a moment to think about the question that is about to be asked. What drives you on a daily basis? Do you feel as if you were in control of your actions and/ or thinking? You see, we are influenced daily without really realizing it and if we were to notice it as it happened then it would be easier for us to be in control of the outcome. So to fully show you an example of how this works, let us play a game. Think of a number 1-10, multiply the number by 9. TakeRead MoreThe Loch, the Legend, and the Monster Essay example1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the possible origins, attempts at proof, monsters throughout the world, and the tourist traps are interesting, the real phenomenon is not the supposed existence of a monster, but rather the way humans’ brains work. Sometimes all logic is abandoned as people attempt to make sense of the natural world. There are many theories in psychology that try to explain why humans believe in supernatural phenomena, including survival techniques from evolution, the McGurk effect, and the need for controlRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Development Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pageshow to act in ways that society would consider as appropriate. Not only that, the father of psychology wrote the theory of personality development and the theories of aggression that have help sociologists understand the contemporary humans’ social behavior, on t opics such as violence and social life. So is violence [aggression] is innate in us? In this essay, I will try to answer the following questions: what is Sigmund Freud’s relevance to sociology, how can his observations and theories illuminateRead MoreRationalism vs. Irrationalism1607 Words   |  7 Pagesdecided to go indoors, to avoid another possiable attack. A rationalist would argue that this is a ridiculous reaction to a rat bite, however as a person with an irrational perspective, I plead the contrary and throughtout this essay, will demonstrate why. Through a rationalistic perspecive we observe the mind as active, the emotions passive, and the notion that no material thing can cause an nonmaterial idea; however from the viewpoint of irrationality I will prove that: 1) Emotion is in fact notRead MoreCompare and Contrast Functionalism and Structuralism14315 Words   |  58 PagesChapter 1 What is social psychology? LEARNING OUTCOMES When you have ï ¬ nished studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Outline the main differences between experimental and critical approaches to social psychology. 2 Describe the three main ‘metaphysical battles’ between them. 3 Trace the origins of social psychology through the work of William McDougall and William James, and the contributions made by Và ¶lkerpsychologie and crowd psychology. 4 Describe the two contrastingRead MoreThe Ever-Changing Deviant Society Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagescause concern and questioning. However, for the majority of Americans today this would be seen as hateful, wrong or deviant. Why is this not deviant to this particular family though? Soon you will learn the characteristics of deviance, relevancy of deviance to society, problems arising from deviance, causes of deviance and how deviance has changed throughout the years. So what, really, is deviance? According to John Macionis in Society: The Basics (2008), deviance is â€Å"the recognized violation of cultural

Psychology And The Chicano Perspective Towards Psychology

For a long time now I have been interested in the field of psychology. The way people behave and why they do certain actions has captivated my attention. As an undergraduate student, I have enjoyed the subject and have been engaged in diverse fields of psychology and studied the Chicano perspective towards psychology. I plan to continue expanding my knowledge and improve my research and counseling skills, as well as study psychology at a higher level. I have a diverse ethnic background. I was born and raised in Mexico City, a the age of thirteen, I came to the United States in search of a better life. I did not know the English language and the American culture, but as time passed, I was able to understand the basics of the language. I had a very difficult time during my first years of high school. It took me several attempts, long hours of studying, and extra help from tutors to pass the California High School Exit Exam. When my senior year concluded, I became the first in my family to graduate from high school. Although I met all the requirements for graduation, I did not have all the courses and credits that UC and CSU required for admission. After graduation, I enrolled at a local community college, but because of my legal status in this country, I was unable to get financial aid assistance. Nevertheless, my parents helped me to pay for two classes each semester. After the approval of the Deferred Action Act, I was able to get a social security number and a fullShow MoreRelatedGender and Workforce Diversity6858 Words   |  28 Pagessuch as afï ¬ rmative action argue that these measures are no longer needed given the gains of women and coupled with claims of â€Å"reverse discrimination† (see Murrell Jones, 1996, for a discussion). In fact, even some women report negative feelings toward afï ¬ rmative action programs, in large part due to the stigma often associated with the perception of being an â€Å"afï ¬ rmative action hire† (Heilman, Block Lucas, 1992). Unfort unately, critics of antidiscrimination policies such as afï ¬ rmative action often

Complementary Therapies free essay sample

Types of therapies Acupuncture- Is a collection of procedures that involve stimulating points of the body. Some of the techniques used are penetrating the skin with small thin needles; this is one of the traditional Chinese methods. According to the traditional Chinese methods, stimulating the acupuncture points helps to correct imbalances in the flow. It has also been used to reduce depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances. Cranio-sacral therapy- Is an alternative therapy used by occupational therapists, physiotherapists, massage therapists and naturopaths. This was developed in 1983 by Dr John Upledger; this is a delicate procedure with no manipulation. This involves the detection and facilitation of the cranal rhythmic impulse in the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This helps with headaches, neck and back pain, stress and tension related problems, traumatic brain and spinal cord issues and coordination problems. Feng shui- Feng means wind and shui means water, in the Chinese culture wind and rain mean good health. Having good feng shui became to mean good fortune whilst having bad feng shui means misfortune. Feng shui has a lot of benefits for our day to day lives. Some of these are financial improvements, improved health, higher energy levels and higher fertility. Aromatherapy- Is an alternative therapy that uses essential oils and other aromatic compounds that improve health and moods. The benefits of this are encouragement of restful sleep, enhance general feel of wellbeing, balance hormone production and reduce pain. Patch tests must be done on the individual’s skin before any oils are applied to make sure of any allergies. Ayurveda- Based on the delicate balance of mind, body and soul. The main focus is to promote good health rather than fighting off disease. Ayurveda gives guidelines of how to keep disease away by simple dietary and lifestyle changes. It takes into account that ever patient is different and need different treatments. Bio-chemic tissue salts- Are prepared formulations used in homeopathy, the salts are highly diluted. The salts are taken in the form of small tablets which dissolve under the tongue. Common treatment from salts includes colds, coughs, hay fever, headaches and mild skin conditions. Lactose intolerant people may not be able to use this method of of treatment. Browen technique- is a remedial hand on therapy with the use of very light pressure. The practitioner does this by using thumbs and fingers on particular points using Browens rolling type moves to stimulate the muscle and soft tissue in the body. This is beneficial as it allows the body to detect and imbalance before an illness takes hold, this promotes general health. This can be used to treat anxiety and stress conditions, digestive and bowel problems, joint problems and heavy period problems. This procedure should not be performed on pregnant women as it can bring on labour. Hydrotherapy- Is a form of therapy carried out in a heated pool, the water is approximately 34 degrees Celsius. Pain relief exercises can be carried out without strain because of the water taking our weight; this is supervised by a trainer. This improves and maintains the joints; this also relaxes muscles and reduces pressure on weight bearing joints. Skin rashes, blood, acute fever and open wounds should be taken into consideration with this form of therapy. Kinesiology- This Is the testing of muscle through light pressure, by testing a series of muscles it highlights which parts need to be worked on. If a muscle tests spongy it gives an indication of how to proceed further with the therapy. Kinesiology can help relief stress, anxiety and depression. It can also help with building self-esteem and confidence. The contradictions of this are acute abdominal pain, acute chest pain and breathlessness. Massage- Is one of the oldest forms of therapy, it consists of stroking, pressing and kneading of different areas of the body to relieve pain, tone and relax the body. Massage also stimulates blood circulation and assists with the lymphatic system. This eliminates toxins from the body effectively from the body. This therapy is not appropriate for those with insulin shock, acute pneumonia diabetes and liver failure. Osteopathy- Is a form of drug free medicine that focuses on body health by the use of strengthening the musculoskeletal framework, this includes the spine, muscles and joints. It can also have positive effects on the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Benefits can be seen if you suffer with a chronic illness such as asthma, arthritis and irritable bowel syndrome. This is a huge benefit for hose that suffer with numerous symptoms along with their illnesses that affect their everyday life. As well as benefits some complications that could occur with this are bleeding, systemic blood disease and acute cardiovascular collapse. Alexander technique- Is a technique that can change the way we move. It is a simple and practical method that helps the ease of movement and helps balance, support and coordination. It is a re-education of the mind and body and can help release tension for someone to find a new balance in the body. Tension can decrease your ability to do things properly, it is usually used for those in pain such as backache or performers that want to improve. This may not work for everyone as habits are tied to a person and hard to change. Art therapy- Is a form of psychotherapy which uses at media as a mode of communication. The aim is to enable a client to effect change on a personal level using materials in a safe environment. This can improve confidence and self-esteem, promote choice and independence, support current relationships and to contain difficult and un manageable feelings. Your GP can consult you on what you are suitable to be treated with. Bach flower remedies-These are 38 different plants and flower based remedies, each one is to specifically for treatment of specific feelings. This is to help you deal with emotional demands of everyday life. The back flower remedies work by stimulated the body’s capacity to heal and balance negativity. This helps you to control and feel good about yourself. There are no known side effects to Bach flower remedies; you should consult with your GP about any allergies. Colour therapy- Is a complimentary therapy that relates back to the ancient culture of Egypt, this is the belief that each colour has its own wavelength and light. The energy that relates to each colour in the spectrum resonates with the energy of each main centres of the body. This can be used to treat a wide range of physical, mental and emotional problems. This can safely be used on infants and children; it is also good for those suffering with post-surgical trauma. Hypnotherapy- Is a skill of verbal communication that is used during hypnosis. This helps to direct a client’s imagination to bring about intended alterations. There is a wide range of issues that hypnotherapy can be used for, some examples are smoking, weight control, nerves, sport, anxiety, depression, sexual issues and eating disorders. This cannot be done on people with heart conditions or schizophrenia. Homeopathy- Is a form of therapy where the patient is treated with highly diluted substances. This is given in tablet form to then trigger the body’s function of healing. A homeopath with match specific medicine to the specific patient and their symptoms. The remedies work on the mind, body and relief tension and anxiety. They are very minimal doses with no side effects. Herbal medicine- Herbal medicines use substances such as herbs, berries, roots, leaves, bark, and flowers. This has a long tradition of use outside of conventional medicine; it is now becoming more main stream as research has been carried out to show the treating of herbal medicines and the abilities. This is used to treat eczema, asthma, fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome and cancer among others. Herbal supplements are taken best under the guidance of a trained provider. Some downsides are that there are some herbs and drugs that do not react well together, also herbal medicine should not be taken during pregnancy. Nutrition therapy- Is science based and uses nutrition to promote peak performance of the body. It can also help and prevent conditions such as fatigue, weight and stress. Dietary therapists can really help those that want to change their dietary lifestyle to then take positive action in lifestyle choices. Benefits are looking and feeling better within you, freedom of pain and fewer colds and illness. Some contradictions are supplements taken can cause kidney stones and side effects. Naturotherapy- A naturopath is a health practitioner that applies natural therapies. It consists of far more than fasting, nutrition, water and exercise as it also includes healing practices such as acupuncture, homeopathy and herbal medicines. The benefits of naturopathy are that it facilitates healing without harm to the body and has minimal side effects. Treatments can identify and addresses underlying causes of illness. Some down sides are that some supplements may not be suitable for vegetarians and vegans and you must make sure you consult with your doctor about mixing any medications. Reflexology- Is the complimentary therapy that involves pressure to specific points of the body known as reflexes. The therapy is based on the fact that the feet and hands are ‘mini maps’ of the whole body meaning each part can help heal another part of the body. Some benefits are the relief of back pain, migraines, arthritis and sleeping disorders. Some down sides are bruises in the intended treatment area cannot be used; also fever or infectious diseases cannot be helped. Relaxation- Is a relaxation therapy that can decrease stress and anxiety to individuals. There is a low risk of negative consequences and it is shown to give the heart a rest by slowing the heart rate. It can reduce blood pressure and slow the rate of breathing. Relaxation can also enhance immunity and give better problem solving abilities to a person’s everyday life. Although relaxation is a low  risk treatment it can affect those who have had previous trauma by bringing back memories. Reiki healing- Is a Japanese technique for stress healing, it is based on the thought that an unseen ‘life force energy’ runs through us causing us to feel more alive. If this ‘life force energy’ is low then we are more likely to feel stressed or ill. Reik i encourages good personal choices such as improving things in lifestyle such as diet and exercise. It is used safely on all ages and can help promote healthier development. People who are diabetic or have a broken bone should not be treated with this form of treatment.

Sino-Russian Forum Essays - Communist States, Economy Of China

Sino-Russian Forum Chapter1. Historical Retrospection of Sino-USSR Trade Sino-R.S.S.R trade started even before the establishment of the People's Republic of China. In August 1946, the Chinese Communist Party Northeast Bureau reached an agreement with the Soviet Union to exchange clothes, medicine and other daily necessities with foodstuff. At the end of the year, a small-scale trade began. The trade relation between China and USSR had experienced great changes since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. From the moment in 1949 to the disintegration of the USSR in 1991, there are several stages in the development of the Sino-USSR trade relation: the ?golden times? in the 50s, the decline in the 60s, the stagnation in the 60s and the rapid growth in the 80s. ?1. The ?golden times? in the 1950s The1950s is the period that Sino-USSR trade grew quickly. In the second day after the People's Republic of China announced her establishment (October 2,1949) , the Soviet government officially admitted the Chinese government and established an ambassadorial diplomatic relations with china. In April 19,1950, the two governments signed the first trade agreement ?The Trade Agreement Between The People's Republic Of China Government and The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics Government. It was the first trade agreement that China signed with a foreign country. It established a solid foundation for the development of the trade between the two countries. In 1957 and 1958, another two agreement was signed. They included items about transportation and most-favored-treatment clause in economics. They had great meanings in promoting the economic and trade relations between China and USSR The large-scale economic cooperation between China and USSR brought the quick growth of the trade amount between the two countries. In 1950, the total Sino-R.S.S.R trade amount was 3338.4 million dollars and ranked first in the foreign trade partners of the China. In 1955, the total trade amount was 1789.9 million dollars, which was two-third of the amount of the Chinese foreign trade. It was the year that Sino-USSR trade amount took the biggest proportion in the total Chinese foreign trade amount. In 1959, the trade amount reached 2097 million dollars which was the 5.2 times of that in 1950. USSR was the biggest trade partner of China. Her proportion in the foreign trade of China kept at 40%-50percentage except in 1950. Table of sino-USSR trade amount in the 1950s (unit: ten thousand dollars) Year Total trade amount Exports Imports Proportion to Chinese foreign trade (%) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 33 844 80 860 106 142 125 823 129 124 178 985 152 377 136 470 153 857 209 700 166 394 15 325 31 129 41 204 48 061 58 663 67 021 76 168 74 697 89 887 111 794 81 878 18 519 49 731 65 217 77 762 70 461 111 64 76 209 61 773 63 970 97 906 84 516 29.8 41.4 54.8 53.1 53.1 56.9 47.5 44.0 39.8 47.9 43.7 Original sources: Chinese Foreign Economics and Trade Annual What China mainly exported to USSR were agricultural products and by-products like rice, soy bean, tea, meat and vegetable oil; light industrial products; mineral resources and rare metals. What China imported were mainly equipment and military orders. From 1953 to 1957, the proportion of machines imported from USSR to the total Sino-USSR imports was 34%, 33% were machines in sets. To 1959, the proportions respectively rose to 62.2%and 41.9%. China also imported petrologic products like petrol, lubricant and kerosene; raw materials like steal and cotton. ?2. The Decline in the 60s The Chinese Communist Party and the Soviet Communist Party had diverged in ideology since 1956. Their divergence became bigger and bigger which deteriorated the relation between the two countries, produced direct and serious effects on the development of economic, and trade relations between the two countries. Bilateral trade sharply decreased and economic cooperation entirely stopped. In 1960, USSR tore up 12 agreements, recalled all the experts in China, stopped 257 technological cooperation items, and refused to supply mineral resources like cobalt and nickel that China needed urgently and greatly decreased the export of machines and important accessories. All these brought great destruction to the economy of China. The trade amount sharply decreased to 827.9 million dollars in 1961,which was just half of the amount in 1960 and one third of the amount in 1959. In 1970, sino-USSR trade amount dropped to the lowest point in the history?only 4.723 million dollars which was 2.25% of the amount of 1959. This number was only 1% of the total Chinese foreign trade and